Opportunities and Challenges in Exploring Indian Nonmulberry Silk for Biomedical Applications
Keywords:
nonmulberry silk, tissue engineering, biomaterials, scaffolds, drug delivery
Abstract
Owing to innate desirable features like biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, tunable biodegradability and amenability to multiple formatting, silk (christened as the ‘queen of textile’) has carved a unique niche in the realm of regenerative medicine. Silkworms, being the major source of silk are generally classified as mulberry and nonmulberry types depending on their feeding habit. Over the years, numerous patents and publications on mulberry based silk for various biomedical applications have been added to the scientific repository. In sharp contrast to this, the (immense) potential of the nonmulberry silk for biotechnological applications has been realised quite late and as such only a very few scientific documentations exists. In this article, we have presented the prospects and the recent endeavors to exploit nonmulberry silk (encompassing both fibroin and sericin) extracted from Antheraea mylitta (tasar), Antheraea assamensis (muga), Philosamia ricini (eri) etc. for fabrication of different formats of biomaterials (including, scaffolds, films, hydrogels, nanoparticles etc.) in applications like 3D tissue engineering (bone, skin etc.) and drug delivery, amongst others. The focus of the article is to highlight the prospective avenues of exploring nonmulberry silk in biomedical domain, reflected through some of our select research works along with few recent endeavors of our colleagues. The compilation is presented with the impetus that siphoning of non mulberry silk from the textile industry to the domain of biomaterial science can provide a fillip to the otherwise dwindling seri-industries of pockets like North East India.
References
Abbott RD and Kaplan DL (2016) Engineering biomaterials for enhanced tissue regeneration Curr Stem Cell Rep 2 140-146
Ahmad R, Kamra A and Hasnain SE (2004) Fibroin silk proteins from the nonmulberry silkworm Philosamia ricini are biochemically and immunochemically distinct from those of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori DNA Cell Biol 23 149-154
Bellis SL (2011) Advantages of RGD peptides for directing cell association with biomaterials Biomaterials 32 4205-4210
Bhardwaj N and Kundu SC (2012) Chondrogenic differentiation of rat MSCs on porous scaffolds of silk fibroin/chitosan blends Biomaterials 33 2848-2857
Bhardwaj N and Kundu SC (2010) Electrospinning: A fascinating fiber fabrication technique Biotechnol Adv 28 325-347
Bhardwaj N, Rajkhowa R, Wang X and Devi D (2015) Milled non-mulberry silk fibroin microparticles as biomaterial for biomedical applications Int J Biol Macromol 81 31-40
Bhardwaj N, Singh YP, Devi D, Kandimalla R, Kotoky J and Mandal BB (2016) Potential of silk fibroin/chondrocyte constructs of muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis for cartilage tissue engineering J Mater Chem B 4 3670-3684
Bhardwaj N, Sow WT, Devi D, Ng KW, Mandal BB and Cho N-J (2015) Silk fibroin–keratin based 3D scaffolds as a dermal substitute for skin tissue engineering Integr Biol 7 53-63
Bhattacharjee P, Naskar D, Kim H-W, Maiti TK, Bhattacharya D and Kundu SC (2015) Non-mulberry silk fibroin grafted PCL nanofibrous scaffold: Promising ECM for bone tissue engineering Eur Polym J 71 490-509
Chae SK, Kang E, Khademhosseini A and Lee SH (2013) Micro/nanometer‐scale fiber with highly ordered structures by mimicking the spinning process of silkworm Adv Mater 25 3071-3078
Choudhury AJ, Gogoi D, Kandimalla R, Kalita S, Chaudhari YB, Khan MR, Kotoky J and Chutia J (2016) Penicillin impregnation on oxygen plasma surface functionalized chitosan/Antheraea assama silk fibroin: Studies of antibacterial activity and antithrombogenic property Mater Sci Eng C 60 475-484
Dash BC, Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009) Silk gland sericin protein membranes: Fabrication and characterization for potential biotechnological applications J Biotechnol 144 321-329
Datta A, Ghosh AK and Kundu SC (2001) Purification and characterization of fibroin from the tropical saturniid silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Insect Biochem Mol Biol 31 1013-1018
Folch A and Tourovskaia, A (2007) Therapeutic Micro/Nano Technology, Springer
Gil ES, Mandal BB, Park S.-H, Marchant JK, Omenetto FG and Kaplan DL (2010) Helicoidal multi-lamellar features of RGD-functionalized silk biomaterials for corneal tissue engineering Biomaterials, 31 8953-8963
Gogoi D, Choudhury AJ, Chutia J, Pal AR, Khan M, Choudhury M, Pathak P, Das G and Patil DS (2014) Development of advanced antimicrobial and sterilized plasma polypropylene grafted muga (Antheraea assama) silk as suture biomaterial Biopolymers 101 355-365
Gupta A, Mita K, Arunkumar KP and Nagaraju J (2015) Molecular architecture of silk fibroin of Indian golden silkmoth, Antheraea assama Sci Rep 5 12706
Gurtner GC, Callaghan MJ, Longaker MT (2007) Progress and potential for regenerative medicine Annu Rev Med 58 299-312
Hazra S, Nandi S, Naskar D, Guha R, Chowdhury S, Pradhan N, Kundu SC and Konar A (2016) Non-mulberry silk fibroin biomaterial for corneal regeneration Sci Rep 6 21840
Hoffman AS (2012) Hydrogels for biomedical applications Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64 18-23
Inoue S, Tanaka K, Arisaka F, Kimura S, Ohtomo K and Mizuno S (2000) Silk fibroin of Bombyx mori is secreted, assembling a high molecular mass elementary unit consisting of H-chain, L-chain, and p25, with a 6: 6: 1 molar ratio J Biol Chem 275 40517-40528
Kar S, Talukdar S, Pal S, Nayak S, Paranjape P and Kundu S (2013) Silk gland fibroin from indian muga silkworm Antheraea assama as potential biomaterial Tissue Eng Regen Med 10 200-210
Kasoju N, Bhonde RR, Bora U (2009) Fabrication of a novel micro–nano fibrous nonwoven scaffold with Antheraea assama silk fibroin for use in tissue engineering Mater Lett 63 2466-2469
Konwarh R, Gupta P and Mandal BB (2016) Silk-microfluidics for advanced biotechnological applications: A progressive review. Biotechnol Adv doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.001
Konwarh R, Karak N, Misra M (2013) Electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers: The present status and gamut of biotechnological applications Biotechnol Adv 31 421-437
Konwarh R, Karak N, Rai SK, Mukherjee AK (2009) Polymer-assisted iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle immobilized keratinase Nanotechnol 20 225107
Konwarh R, Pramanik S, Devi KSP, Saikia N, Boruah R, Maiti TK, Deka RC and Karak N (2012) Lycopene coupled ‘trifoliate’ polyaniline nanofibers as multi-functional biomaterial J Mater Chem 22 15062-15070
Kundu B, Saha P, Datta K and Kundu SC (2013) A silk fibroin based hepatocarcinoma model and the assessment of the drug response in hyaluronan-binding protein 1 overexpressed HepG2 cells Biomaterials 34 9462-9474
Kundu S, Kundu B, Talukdar S, Bano S, Nayak S, Kundu J, Mandal BB, Bhardwaj N, Botlagunta M and Dash BC (2012) Nonmulberry silk biopolymers Biopolymers 97 455-467
Langer R. and Tirrell DA (2004) Designing materials for biology and medicine Nature 428 487-492
Li G, Li Y, Chen G, He J, Han Y, Wang X and Kaplan DL (2015) Silk-based biomaterials in biomedical textiles and fiber-based implants Adv Healthc Mater 4 1134-1151
Lieben L (2016) Regenerative medicine: The future of 3D printing of human tissues is taking shape Nat Rev Rheumatol 12 191
Liu W, Wang Y, Yao J, Shao Z and Chen X (2016) Tamoxifen-loaded silk fibroin electrospun fibers Mater Lett 178 31-34
Malay AD, Kenjiro Y, Watanabe H, Sato R, Ifuku N, Masunaga H, Hikima T, Guan J, Mandal BB, Damrongsakkul S and Numata K (2016)
Relationships between physical properties and sequence in silkworm silks Sci Rep 6 27573
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2008) A novel method for dissolution and stabilization of non‐mulberry silk gland protein fibroin using anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. Biotechnol Bioeng 99 1482-1489
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2010) Biospinning by silkworms: Silk fiber matrices for tissue engineering applications Acta Biomater 6 360-371
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009a) Calcium alginate beads embedded in silk fibroin as 3D dual drug releasing scaffolds Biomaterials 30 5170-5177
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009b) Cell proliferation and migration in silk fibroin 3D scaffolds Biomaterials 30 2956-2965
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009c) Non-mulberry silk gland fibroin protein 3D scaffold for enhanced differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into osteocytes Acta Biomater 5 2579-2590
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009d) Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow cells on non-mulberry and mulberry silk gland fibroin 3D scaffolds Biomaterials 30 5019-5030
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009e) Self-assembled silk sericin/poloxamer nanoparticles as nanocarriers of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs for targeted delivery Nanotechnol 20 355101
Mandal BB, Das S, Choudhury K and Kundu SC (2010) Implication of silk film RGD availability and surface roughness on cytoskeletal organization and proliferation of primary rat bone marrow cells Tissue Eng Part A 16 2391-2403
Mandal BB, Das T and Kundu SC (2009a) Non-bioengineered silk gland fibroin micromolded matrices to study cell-surface interactions Biomed Microdevices 11 467-476
Mandal BB, Gil ES, Panilaitis B and Kaplan D.L (2013) Laminar silk scaffolds for aligned tissue fabrication Macromol Biosci 13 48-58
Mandal BB, Grinberg A, Seok Gil E, Panilaitis B and Kaplan DL (2012) High-strength silk protein scaffolds for bone repair. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 109 7699-7704
Mandal BB, Mann JK and Kundu SC (2009b) Silk fibroin/gelatin multilayered films as a model system for controlled drug release Eur J Pharm Sci 37 160-171
Mandal BB, Park S.-H, Gil ES and Kaplan DL (2011) Multilayered silk scaffolds for meniscus tissue engineering Biomaterials 32 639-651
Mandal BB, Priya AS and Kundu SC (2009c) Novel silk sericin/gelatin 3D scaffolds and 2D films: Fabrication and characterization for potential tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 5 3007-3020
Mason C and Dunnill P (2008) A brief definition of regenerative medicine Regen Med 3 1-5
Melke J, Midha S, Ghosh S, Ito K and Hofmann S (2016) Silk fibroin as biomaterial for bone tissue engineering Acta Biomater 31 1-16
Muthumanickkam A, Subramanian S, Goweri M, Beaula WS and Ganesh V (2013) Comparative study on eri silk and mulberry silk fibroin scaffolds for biomedical applications Iran Polym J 22, 143-154
Naskar D, Nayak S, Dey T and Kundu SC (2014) Non-mulberry silk fibroin influence osteogenesis and osteoblast-macrophage cross talk on titanium based surface Sci Rep 4 4745
Nayak S and Kundu S (2014) Sericin–carboxymethyl cellulose porous matrices as cellular wound dressing material J Biomed Mater Res Part A 102 1928-1940
Panda N, Bissoyi A, Pramanik K and Biswas A (2014) Directing osteogenesis of stem cells with hydroxyapatite precipitated electrospun eri–tasar silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffold J Biomater Sci, Polym Ed 25 1440-1457
Patil R, Naika HR, Rayar S, Balashanmugam N, Uppar V and Bhattacharyya A (2016) Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles: Its effect on cocoon and silk traits of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Part Sci Technol DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2016.1154121
Patra C, Talukdar S, Novoyatleva T, Velagala SR, Mühlfeld C, Kundu B, Kundu SC and Engel FB (2012) Silk protein fibroin from Antheraea mylitta for cardiac tissue engineering Biomaterials 33 2673-2680
Phiel CJ and Klein PS (2001) Molecular targets of lithium action Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41 789-813
Phukan RD (2012) Muga silk industry of Assam in historical perspectives GJHSS 12 5-8
Reddy N and Yang Y (2015) Non-mulberry silk fibers. In: Innovative Biofibers from Renewable Resources pp 165-174, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg
Reddy N and Yang Y (2010) Structure and properties of ultrafine silk fibers produced by Theriodopteryx ephemeraeformis J Mater Sci 45 6617-6622
Sangkert S, Kamonmattayakul S, Chai WL and Meesane J (2016) A biofunctional-modified silk fibroin scaffold with mimic reconstructed extracellular matrix of decellularized pulp/collagen/fibronectin for bone tissue engineering in alveolar bone resorption Mater Lett 166 30-34
Sen K and Babu K Studies on Indian silk. I (2004) Macrocharacterization and analysis of amino acid composition J Appl Pol Sci 92 1080-1097
Sharma S, Bano S, Ghosh AS, Mandal M, Kim H.-W, Dey T and Kundu SC (2016) Silk fibroin nanoparticles support in vitro sustained antibiotic release and osteogenesis on titanium surface Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 12 1193-1204
Silva SS, Oliveira NM, Oliveira MB, da Costa DPS, Naskar D, Mano JF, Kundu SC and Reis RL (2016) Fabrication and characterization of eri silk fibers-based sponges for biomedical application. Acta Bimater 32 178-189
Silva SS, Popa EG, Gomes ME, Oliveira MB, Nayak S, Subia B, Mano JF, Kundu SC and Reis RL (2013) Silk hydrogels from non-mulberry and mulberry silkworm cocoons processed with ionic liquids Acta Biomater 9 8972-8982
Steen PVd, Rudd PM, Dwek RA and Opdenakker G (1998) Concepts and principles of O-linked glycosylation Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 33 151-208
Subia B, Chandra S, Talukdar S and Kundu SC (2014) Folate conjugated silk fibroin nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery Integr Biol 6 203-214
Talukdar S and Kundu SC (2012) A non‐mulberry silk fibroin protein based 3D in vitro tumor model for evaluation of anticancer drug activity Adv Funct Mater 22 4778-4788
Tien LW, Gil ES, Park SH, Mandal BB and Kaplan DL (2012) Patterned silk film scaffolds for aligned lamellar bone tissue engineering Macromol Biosci 12 1671-1679
Wang Y, Kong Y, Zhao Y, Feng Q, Wu Y, Tang X, Gu X and Yang Y (2016) Electrospun, reinforcing network-containing, silk fibroin-based nerve guidance conduits for peripheral nerve repair J Biomater Tissue Eng 6 53-60
Xiang P, Wu K-C, Zhu Y, Xiang L, Li C, Chen D-L, Chen F, Xu G, Wang A and Li M (2014) A novel Bruch's membrane-mimetic electrospun substrate scaffold for human retinal pigment epithelium cells Biomaterials 35 9777-9788
Zhou CZ, Confalonieri F, Jacquet M, Perasso R, Li ZG and Janin J (2001) Silk fibroin: Structural implications of a remarkable amino acid sequence Proteins: Struct Funct Bioinf 44 119-122
Ahmad R, Kamra A and Hasnain SE (2004) Fibroin silk proteins from the nonmulberry silkworm Philosamia ricini are biochemically and immunochemically distinct from those of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori DNA Cell Biol 23 149-154
Bellis SL (2011) Advantages of RGD peptides for directing cell association with biomaterials Biomaterials 32 4205-4210
Bhardwaj N and Kundu SC (2012) Chondrogenic differentiation of rat MSCs on porous scaffolds of silk fibroin/chitosan blends Biomaterials 33 2848-2857
Bhardwaj N and Kundu SC (2010) Electrospinning: A fascinating fiber fabrication technique Biotechnol Adv 28 325-347
Bhardwaj N, Rajkhowa R, Wang X and Devi D (2015) Milled non-mulberry silk fibroin microparticles as biomaterial for biomedical applications Int J Biol Macromol 81 31-40
Bhardwaj N, Singh YP, Devi D, Kandimalla R, Kotoky J and Mandal BB (2016) Potential of silk fibroin/chondrocyte constructs of muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis for cartilage tissue engineering J Mater Chem B 4 3670-3684
Bhardwaj N, Sow WT, Devi D, Ng KW, Mandal BB and Cho N-J (2015) Silk fibroin–keratin based 3D scaffolds as a dermal substitute for skin tissue engineering Integr Biol 7 53-63
Bhattacharjee P, Naskar D, Kim H-W, Maiti TK, Bhattacharya D and Kundu SC (2015) Non-mulberry silk fibroin grafted PCL nanofibrous scaffold: Promising ECM for bone tissue engineering Eur Polym J 71 490-509
Chae SK, Kang E, Khademhosseini A and Lee SH (2013) Micro/nanometer‐scale fiber with highly ordered structures by mimicking the spinning process of silkworm Adv Mater 25 3071-3078
Choudhury AJ, Gogoi D, Kandimalla R, Kalita S, Chaudhari YB, Khan MR, Kotoky J and Chutia J (2016) Penicillin impregnation on oxygen plasma surface functionalized chitosan/Antheraea assama silk fibroin: Studies of antibacterial activity and antithrombogenic property Mater Sci Eng C 60 475-484
Dash BC, Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009) Silk gland sericin protein membranes: Fabrication and characterization for potential biotechnological applications J Biotechnol 144 321-329
Datta A, Ghosh AK and Kundu SC (2001) Purification and characterization of fibroin from the tropical saturniid silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Insect Biochem Mol Biol 31 1013-1018
Folch A and Tourovskaia, A (2007) Therapeutic Micro/Nano Technology, Springer
Gil ES, Mandal BB, Park S.-H, Marchant JK, Omenetto FG and Kaplan DL (2010) Helicoidal multi-lamellar features of RGD-functionalized silk biomaterials for corneal tissue engineering Biomaterials, 31 8953-8963
Gogoi D, Choudhury AJ, Chutia J, Pal AR, Khan M, Choudhury M, Pathak P, Das G and Patil DS (2014) Development of advanced antimicrobial and sterilized plasma polypropylene grafted muga (Antheraea assama) silk as suture biomaterial Biopolymers 101 355-365
Gupta A, Mita K, Arunkumar KP and Nagaraju J (2015) Molecular architecture of silk fibroin of Indian golden silkmoth, Antheraea assama Sci Rep 5 12706
Gurtner GC, Callaghan MJ, Longaker MT (2007) Progress and potential for regenerative medicine Annu Rev Med 58 299-312
Hazra S, Nandi S, Naskar D, Guha R, Chowdhury S, Pradhan N, Kundu SC and Konar A (2016) Non-mulberry silk fibroin biomaterial for corneal regeneration Sci Rep 6 21840
Hoffman AS (2012) Hydrogels for biomedical applications Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64 18-23
Inoue S, Tanaka K, Arisaka F, Kimura S, Ohtomo K and Mizuno S (2000) Silk fibroin of Bombyx mori is secreted, assembling a high molecular mass elementary unit consisting of H-chain, L-chain, and p25, with a 6: 6: 1 molar ratio J Biol Chem 275 40517-40528
Kar S, Talukdar S, Pal S, Nayak S, Paranjape P and Kundu S (2013) Silk gland fibroin from indian muga silkworm Antheraea assama as potential biomaterial Tissue Eng Regen Med 10 200-210
Kasoju N, Bhonde RR, Bora U (2009) Fabrication of a novel micro–nano fibrous nonwoven scaffold with Antheraea assama silk fibroin for use in tissue engineering Mater Lett 63 2466-2469
Konwarh R, Gupta P and Mandal BB (2016) Silk-microfluidics for advanced biotechnological applications: A progressive review. Biotechnol Adv doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.001
Konwarh R, Karak N, Misra M (2013) Electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers: The present status and gamut of biotechnological applications Biotechnol Adv 31 421-437
Konwarh R, Karak N, Rai SK, Mukherjee AK (2009) Polymer-assisted iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle immobilized keratinase Nanotechnol 20 225107
Konwarh R, Pramanik S, Devi KSP, Saikia N, Boruah R, Maiti TK, Deka RC and Karak N (2012) Lycopene coupled ‘trifoliate’ polyaniline nanofibers as multi-functional biomaterial J Mater Chem 22 15062-15070
Kundu B, Saha P, Datta K and Kundu SC (2013) A silk fibroin based hepatocarcinoma model and the assessment of the drug response in hyaluronan-binding protein 1 overexpressed HepG2 cells Biomaterials 34 9462-9474
Kundu S, Kundu B, Talukdar S, Bano S, Nayak S, Kundu J, Mandal BB, Bhardwaj N, Botlagunta M and Dash BC (2012) Nonmulberry silk biopolymers Biopolymers 97 455-467
Langer R. and Tirrell DA (2004) Designing materials for biology and medicine Nature 428 487-492
Li G, Li Y, Chen G, He J, Han Y, Wang X and Kaplan DL (2015) Silk-based biomaterials in biomedical textiles and fiber-based implants Adv Healthc Mater 4 1134-1151
Lieben L (2016) Regenerative medicine: The future of 3D printing of human tissues is taking shape Nat Rev Rheumatol 12 191
Liu W, Wang Y, Yao J, Shao Z and Chen X (2016) Tamoxifen-loaded silk fibroin electrospun fibers Mater Lett 178 31-34
Malay AD, Kenjiro Y, Watanabe H, Sato R, Ifuku N, Masunaga H, Hikima T, Guan J, Mandal BB, Damrongsakkul S and Numata K (2016)
Relationships between physical properties and sequence in silkworm silks Sci Rep 6 27573
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2008) A novel method for dissolution and stabilization of non‐mulberry silk gland protein fibroin using anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. Biotechnol Bioeng 99 1482-1489
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2010) Biospinning by silkworms: Silk fiber matrices for tissue engineering applications Acta Biomater 6 360-371
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009a) Calcium alginate beads embedded in silk fibroin as 3D dual drug releasing scaffolds Biomaterials 30 5170-5177
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009b) Cell proliferation and migration in silk fibroin 3D scaffolds Biomaterials 30 2956-2965
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009c) Non-mulberry silk gland fibroin protein 3D scaffold for enhanced differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into osteocytes Acta Biomater 5 2579-2590
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009d) Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow cells on non-mulberry and mulberry silk gland fibroin 3D scaffolds Biomaterials 30 5019-5030
Mandal BB and Kundu SC (2009e) Self-assembled silk sericin/poloxamer nanoparticles as nanocarriers of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs for targeted delivery Nanotechnol 20 355101
Mandal BB, Das S, Choudhury K and Kundu SC (2010) Implication of silk film RGD availability and surface roughness on cytoskeletal organization and proliferation of primary rat bone marrow cells Tissue Eng Part A 16 2391-2403
Mandal BB, Das T and Kundu SC (2009a) Non-bioengineered silk gland fibroin micromolded matrices to study cell-surface interactions Biomed Microdevices 11 467-476
Mandal BB, Gil ES, Panilaitis B and Kaplan D.L (2013) Laminar silk scaffolds for aligned tissue fabrication Macromol Biosci 13 48-58
Mandal BB, Grinberg A, Seok Gil E, Panilaitis B and Kaplan DL (2012) High-strength silk protein scaffolds for bone repair. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 109 7699-7704
Mandal BB, Mann JK and Kundu SC (2009b) Silk fibroin/gelatin multilayered films as a model system for controlled drug release Eur J Pharm Sci 37 160-171
Mandal BB, Park S.-H, Gil ES and Kaplan DL (2011) Multilayered silk scaffolds for meniscus tissue engineering Biomaterials 32 639-651
Mandal BB, Priya AS and Kundu SC (2009c) Novel silk sericin/gelatin 3D scaffolds and 2D films: Fabrication and characterization for potential tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 5 3007-3020
Mason C and Dunnill P (2008) A brief definition of regenerative medicine Regen Med 3 1-5
Melke J, Midha S, Ghosh S, Ito K and Hofmann S (2016) Silk fibroin as biomaterial for bone tissue engineering Acta Biomater 31 1-16
Muthumanickkam A, Subramanian S, Goweri M, Beaula WS and Ganesh V (2013) Comparative study on eri silk and mulberry silk fibroin scaffolds for biomedical applications Iran Polym J 22, 143-154
Naskar D, Nayak S, Dey T and Kundu SC (2014) Non-mulberry silk fibroin influence osteogenesis and osteoblast-macrophage cross talk on titanium based surface Sci Rep 4 4745
Nayak S and Kundu S (2014) Sericin–carboxymethyl cellulose porous matrices as cellular wound dressing material J Biomed Mater Res Part A 102 1928-1940
Panda N, Bissoyi A, Pramanik K and Biswas A (2014) Directing osteogenesis of stem cells with hydroxyapatite precipitated electrospun eri–tasar silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffold J Biomater Sci, Polym Ed 25 1440-1457
Patil R, Naika HR, Rayar S, Balashanmugam N, Uppar V and Bhattacharyya A (2016) Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles: Its effect on cocoon and silk traits of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Part Sci Technol DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2016.1154121
Patra C, Talukdar S, Novoyatleva T, Velagala SR, Mühlfeld C, Kundu B, Kundu SC and Engel FB (2012) Silk protein fibroin from Antheraea mylitta for cardiac tissue engineering Biomaterials 33 2673-2680
Phiel CJ and Klein PS (2001) Molecular targets of lithium action Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41 789-813
Phukan RD (2012) Muga silk industry of Assam in historical perspectives GJHSS 12 5-8
Reddy N and Yang Y (2015) Non-mulberry silk fibers. In: Innovative Biofibers from Renewable Resources pp 165-174, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg
Reddy N and Yang Y (2010) Structure and properties of ultrafine silk fibers produced by Theriodopteryx ephemeraeformis J Mater Sci 45 6617-6622
Sangkert S, Kamonmattayakul S, Chai WL and Meesane J (2016) A biofunctional-modified silk fibroin scaffold with mimic reconstructed extracellular matrix of decellularized pulp/collagen/fibronectin for bone tissue engineering in alveolar bone resorption Mater Lett 166 30-34
Sen K and Babu K Studies on Indian silk. I (2004) Macrocharacterization and analysis of amino acid composition J Appl Pol Sci 92 1080-1097
Sharma S, Bano S, Ghosh AS, Mandal M, Kim H.-W, Dey T and Kundu SC (2016) Silk fibroin nanoparticles support in vitro sustained antibiotic release and osteogenesis on titanium surface Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 12 1193-1204
Silva SS, Oliveira NM, Oliveira MB, da Costa DPS, Naskar D, Mano JF, Kundu SC and Reis RL (2016) Fabrication and characterization of eri silk fibers-based sponges for biomedical application. Acta Bimater 32 178-189
Silva SS, Popa EG, Gomes ME, Oliveira MB, Nayak S, Subia B, Mano JF, Kundu SC and Reis RL (2013) Silk hydrogels from non-mulberry and mulberry silkworm cocoons processed with ionic liquids Acta Biomater 9 8972-8982
Steen PVd, Rudd PM, Dwek RA and Opdenakker G (1998) Concepts and principles of O-linked glycosylation Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 33 151-208
Subia B, Chandra S, Talukdar S and Kundu SC (2014) Folate conjugated silk fibroin nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery Integr Biol 6 203-214
Talukdar S and Kundu SC (2012) A non‐mulberry silk fibroin protein based 3D in vitro tumor model for evaluation of anticancer drug activity Adv Funct Mater 22 4778-4788
Tien LW, Gil ES, Park SH, Mandal BB and Kaplan DL (2012) Patterned silk film scaffolds for aligned lamellar bone tissue engineering Macromol Biosci 12 1671-1679
Wang Y, Kong Y, Zhao Y, Feng Q, Wu Y, Tang X, Gu X and Yang Y (2016) Electrospun, reinforcing network-containing, silk fibroin-based nerve guidance conduits for peripheral nerve repair J Biomater Tissue Eng 6 53-60
Xiang P, Wu K-C, Zhu Y, Xiang L, Li C, Chen D-L, Chen F, Xu G, Wang A and Li M (2014) A novel Bruch's membrane-mimetic electrospun substrate scaffold for human retinal pigment epithelium cells Biomaterials 35 9777-9788
Zhou CZ, Confalonieri F, Jacquet M, Perasso R, Li ZG and Janin J (2001) Silk fibroin: Structural implications of a remarkable amino acid sequence Proteins: Struct Funct Bioinf 44 119-122
