Measurement of PM10, PM2.5 and Black Carbon and Assessment of Their Health Effects in Agra, A Semiarid Region of India
Keywords:
particulate matter, black carbon, populated weighted mean concentration, health risk assessment.
Abstract
The present study assesses the health effects of PM10, PM2.5 and Black Carbon (BC) in Agra, a semiarid region in India. The average mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and Black Carbon are found to be 157.1 µg m-3, 86.4 µg m-3 and 6.4 µg m-3, respectively. The highest concentrations of PM10 has been seen in summer followed by winter, post-monsoon and monsoon while the highest concentrations of PM2.5 have been found in winter followed by post-monsoon, summer and monsoon. The variation in the concentration may be due to the combined effect of atmospheric conditions, local emissions as well as long-range transport. The mean ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was 0.37 and ranged from 0.13-0.78. It signifies the fact that the coarse mode particle dominates over fine mode particles in this region. The percentage fraction of biomass, fossil fuel, PM2.5/PM10, BC/PM2.5 and others contributes 7.2%, 27.2%, 17.5%, 12.8%, and 34.8%, respectively. The percentage contribution of Black Carbon (BC) in PM2.5 is 9%. The exceedance factor is found to be more than 1.5 for PM10 and PM2.5 which indicates the critical level of pollution load in Agra region. The population weighted concentration of PM10 is 3.2 µg m-3, PM2.5 is 1.7 µg m-3 and BC is 1.4 µg m-3. The relative risk factors analysis representing within the study site indicates the particulate matter from local combustion sources as the cause of more premature deaths. The attributed mortality rate from PM2.5 due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), lung cancer and stroke in adult (30 years and above) is 6029, 5276 and 6062, respectively while attributed mortality rate from PM10 due to chronic bronchitis in adult and bronchitis in children is 11776 and 9873 and respectively.
References
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Gurjar BR, Jain A, Sharma A, Agarwal A, Gupta P, Nagpure AS, Lelieveld J (2010) Human health risks in megacities due to air pollution Atmos Enviro 44 (36) 4606-4613.
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Kulshrestha et al (2009) Metal Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 Particles and Seasonal Variations in Urban and Rural Environment of Agra, India Sci Total Environ 407 6196–6204.
Kumar A, and Sarin M M (2009) Mineral Aerosols from Western India: Temporal Variability of Coarse and Fine Atmospheric Dust and Elemental Characteristics Atmos Environ 43 4005–4013.
Kumar R, and Kumari K M (2015) Aerosols and trace gases characterization over Indo-Gangetic basin in semiarid region.Urban Climate 12 11–20, 2015.
Kumar R, Srivastava, S S, and Kumari K M (2007) Characteristics of Aerosols over Suburban and urban site of semiarid region in India: Seasonal and Spatial Variation Aerosol Air Qual Res 7 531-549.
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Maji K J, Dikshit A K, and Chaudhary R (2017) Human Health Risk Assessment Due to Air Pollution in the Megacity Mumbai in India Asian J of Atmos Enviro 11 61-70.
Maynard R (2004) Key airborne pollutants the impact on health Sci of the Tot Enviro 334 9–13.
Misra A, Tripathi S N, Kaul D S, Welton E J(2012) Study of MPLNET-derived aerosol climatology over kanpur, India, and Validation of CALIPSO level 2 version 3 Backscatter and extinction products J Atmos Ocean Technol29 12851294.
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Nagpure A S, Gurjar B R, Martel J (2014) Human health risks in national capital territory of Delhi due to air pollution Atmos Poll Res 5 371- 380.
Niaz Y, Zhou JN, Iqbal A M, and Dong B (2016) Comparative study of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Dalian- China and Faisalabad- Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science53 (1) 97- 106.
Pandey et al (2012) Seasonal Trends of PM2.5 and PM10 in Ambient Air and Their Correlation in Ambient Air of Lucknow City, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology88, 265–270.
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Villalobos AM, Barraza F, Jorquera H, and Schauer JJ(2013) Chemical speciation and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Santiago, Chile Sci Total Environ 512–513.
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Ye B M, Ji X L, Yang H Z, Yao X H, Chan CK, Cadle SH, Chan T, and Mulaw PA (2003) Concentration and Chemical Com Shanghai for a One-Year Period Atmos Environ37 499-510.
Zanobetti A, Schwartz J (2006) Air pollution and emergency admissions in Boston, MA J of Epidemio & Comm Health 60 890–895.
Zhang D Z, J Grigg J, George S, Teoh, O H Chay O M, Pugalenthi A, Goh A, Wong P, Thomas B, (2015) Environmental black carbon exposure in Singapore school children Journal European Respiratory 46 PA3409.
Zhang R, Fu C, Han Z, Zhu C (2008) Characteristics of elemental composition of PM2.5 in the spring period at Tongyu in the semi–arid region of Northeast China Adv in AtmosSci25 922– 931.
Atkinson et al (2001) Acute effects of particulate air pollution on respiratory admissions. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 164 1860–1866.
Awasthi A, Agarwal A, Mittal SK (2011) Study of size and mass distribution of particulate matter due to crop residue with seasonal variation in rural area of Punjab, Indian J of Enviro monito 13 1073.
Babu S S, and Moorthy K K (2002) Aerosol black carbon over a tropical station in India, Geophys Res Lett 29 (23) 2098, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015662.
Badarinath K V S, Kiran Chand T R, Prasad VK (2006) Agriculture crop residue burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains-A study using IRS-P6 AWiFS satellite data Current Science Vol 91 NO. 8.
Brauer et al (2007) Air pollution and development of asthma, allergy and infections in a birth cohort European Respiratory J 29 879–888.
Brook et al (2010) Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association Circulation 121 2331–2378.
Brunekreef B, Holgate S T (2002) Air pollution and health Lancet 360 1233–1242.
Burton L E, Girman J G, &Womble S E (2000) Airborne particulate matter within 100 randomly selected office buildings in the United States (BASE) Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 1 157-162.
Cairncrossa E K, Johnb J, Zunckelc M (2007) A novel air pollution index based on the relative risk of daily mortality associated with short-term exposure to common air pollutants Atmos Enviro 41 8442–8454
Cao GL, Zhang XY, and Zheng FC (2006) Inventory of Black Carbon and Organic Carbon Emissions from China Atmos Environ 40 6516-6527.
Cao JJ, Zhu CS, Chow JC, Watson JG, Han YM, Wang GH, et al. (2009) Black carbon relationships with emissions and meteorology in Xi’an, China Atmos Res 94 (2) 194–202.
Central Pollution Control Board (2008) Study on Ambient Air Quality, Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function of Children in Delhi [Internet]. Available from: http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_162_Children.pdf
Chen B, and Kan E H (2008) Air pollution and population health: a global challenge Environ Health PrevMed 13 94–101.
Chen SJ, Hsieh LT, Kao MJ, Lin WY, Huang KL and Lin CC (2004) Characteristics of Particles Sampled in Southern Taiwan during the Asian Dust Storm Periods in 2000 and 2001 Atmos Environ 38 5925-5934.
Chowdhury S, Dey S (2016) Cause-specific premature death from ambient PM2.5 exposure in India: estimate adjusted for baseline mortality Environ Int 91 283–290.
Cohen A J, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson H R, Frostad J, Estep K, Balakrishnan K, Brunekreef B, Dandona L, Dandona R et al (2017) Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015 Lancet 389 1907–1918.
Curtis L, Rea W, Smith-Willis P, Fenyves E, Pan Y (2006) Adverse health effects of outdoor air pollutants Enviro Internat 32 815–830.
Deng T, Deng X, Li F, Wang S, & Wang G (2016) Study on aerosol optical properties and radiative effect in cloudy weather in the Guangzhou region Sci of the Tot Enviro 568 147-1542.
Deshmukh DK, Deb MK, Suzuki Y, Kouvarakis GN (2011) Water soluble ionic composition of PM2.5–10 and PM2.5 aerosols in the lower troposphere of an industrial city Raipur, the eastern central India Air Qual Atmos Health doi:10.1007/s11869-011-0149-0
Drinovec L et al (2015) The “dual-spot” Aethalometer: an improved measurement of aerosol black carbon with real-time loading compensation Atmos Meas Tech 8 1965–1979.
Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Gilliland F, Vora H, Duncan T, Berhane K, et al (2004) The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age N Engl J Med 351 1057–1067.
Gogikar P, Tyagi B (2016) Assessment of particulate matter variation during 2011-2015 over a tropical station Agra, India Atmos Environ 147 11-21.
Gong H Jr, Sioutas C, Linn WS (2003) Controlled exposures of healthy and asthmatic volunteers to concentrated ambient particles in metropolitan Los AngelesRespir Rep Health Eff Inst 118 1–36.
Gotschi et al (2002) Comparison of black smoke and PM2.5 levels in indoor and outdoor environments of four European cities Environ Sci & Techno 36 1191–1197.
Gupta P, Singh S P, Jangid A, and Kumar R (2017) Measurements and characterization of black carbon in ambient air of city of Taj over Indo-Gangetic: seasonal variation and meteorological influence Adv in Atmos Sci 34 1082–1094.
Gurjar BR, Jain A, Sharma A, Agarwal A, Gupta P, Nagpure AS, Lelieveld J (2010) Human health risks in megacities due to air pollution Atmos Enviro 44 (36) 4606-4613.
IHME (2014) http://vizhub.healthdata.org/cod/Accessed: 30 September 2015.
Islam JB, Lutfor Rahman A K M, Sarkar M, Ahmed, K S and Begum B A (2014) Particulate matter and black carbon concentration in ambient air of an urban-traffic influenced site at farm gate, Dhaka, Bangladesh J of Sci, Volume-3 Number-I.
Koch D, Bond TC, Streets D, Unger N, and van der Werf G R (2007) Global impacts of aerosols from particular source regions and sectors J Geophys Res 112 D02205, doi:10.1029/2005JD007024.
Kulshrestha et al (2009) Metal Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 Particles and Seasonal Variations in Urban and Rural Environment of Agra, India Sci Total Environ 407 6196–6204.
Kumar A, and Sarin M M (2009) Mineral Aerosols from Western India: Temporal Variability of Coarse and Fine Atmospheric Dust and Elemental Characteristics Atmos Environ 43 4005–4013.
Kumar R, and Kumari K M (2015) Aerosols and trace gases characterization over Indo-Gangetic basin in semiarid region.Urban Climate 12 11–20, 2015.
Kumar R, Srivastava, S S, and Kumari K M (2007) Characteristics of Aerosols over Suburban and urban site of semiarid region in India: Seasonal and Spatial Variation Aerosol Air Qual Res 7 531-549.
Latha M, and Badrinath K V S (2005) Environmental pollution due to black carbon aerosol and its impact in a tropical urban city J QuantSpectroscRadiatTransf92 (3) 311-319.
Lelieveld J, Evans JS, Fnais M, Giannadaki D, Pozzer A (2015) The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale Nature 525 (7569) 367-371.
Li XY, Gilmour PS, Donaldson K, MacNee W (1996) Free radical activity and pro-inflammatory effects of particulate air pollution (PM10) in vivo and in vitro Thorax 511216–1222.
Maji K J, Dikshit A K, and Chaudhary R (2017) Human Health Risk Assessment Due to Air Pollution in the Megacity Mumbai in India Asian J of Atmos Enviro 11 61-70.
Maynard R (2004) Key airborne pollutants the impact on health Sci of the Tot Enviro 334 9–13.
Misra A, Tripathi S N, Kaul D S, Welton E J(2012) Study of MPLNET-derived aerosol climatology over kanpur, India, and Validation of CALIPSO level 2 version 3 Backscatter and extinction products J Atmos Ocean Technol29 12851294.
NAAQS (2012) National Ambient Air Quality Status and Trends. CPCB, Ministry of Environment & Forests.
Nagpure A S, Gurjar B R, Martel J (2014) Human health risks in national capital territory of Delhi due to air pollution Atmos Poll Res 5 371- 380.
Niaz Y, Zhou JN, Iqbal A M, and Dong B (2016) Comparative study of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Dalian- China and Faisalabad- Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science53 (1) 97- 106.
Pandey et al (2012) Seasonal Trends of PM2.5 and PM10 in Ambient Air and Their Correlation in Ambient Air of Lucknow City, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology88, 265–270.
Pipal et al (2014) Day and night variability of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon during winter of 2011e12 in Agra, India Sustain Environ Res 24 (2) 107-116.
Ramanathan V, Crutzen P J,Mitra, AP and Sikka D (2002)The Indian Ocean Experiment and the Asian Brown Cloud CurrSci83 947–955.
Safai P D, Kewat S, Praveen P S, Rao PSP, Momin G A, Ali K, and Devara PCS (2007) Seasonal Variation of Black Carbon Aerosols over Tropical UrbanCity of Pune, India Atmos Environ 41 2699–2709, 2007.
Salvi S, Blomberg A, Rudell B, Kelly F,Sandstrom T, Holgate ST, et al (1999) Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers Am J RespirCrit Care Med 159 702–709.
Satsangi et al (2014) Characteristics of trace metals in fine (PM2.5) and inhalable (PM10) particles and its health risk assessment along with in-silico approach in indoor environment of India. Atmos Environ 92 384–393.
Schaap M, Denier van der Gon HAC (2007) On the variability of black smoke and carbonaceous aerosols in the Netherlands AtmosEnviro41 5908–5920.
Segersson D, Eneroth K, Gidhagen L, Johansson C, Omstedt G, Nylén A, Forsberg B (2017) Health impact of PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon exposure due to different source sectors in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Umea, Sweden Int J Environ Res Public Health14 742.
Sharma M, Maloo S (2005) Assessment of Ambient Air PM10 and PM2.5 and Characterization of PM10 in the City of Kanpur, India Atmos Environ 39 6015–6026.
Singh S, Soni K, Bano T, Tanwar RS, Nath S, Arya BC. (2010) Clearsky direct aerosol radiative forcing variations over mega-city Delhi AnnalesGeophysi28 1157–1166.
Taneja A, Saini R, Masih A (2008) Indoor air quality of houses located in the urban environment of Agra, India. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1140 228–245.
Tiwari S, Chate D, Srivastava A, Bisht D, Padmanabhamurty B (2012) Assessments of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Delhi at different mean cycles Geofizika 29 125-141.
Tiwari S, Pipal AS, Srivastava AK, Bisht D S, Pandithurai G (2015) Determination of wood burning and fossil fuel contribution of black carbon at Delhi, India using aerosol light absorption technique EnviroSci Poll Res Volume 22 Issue 4 pp 2846–2855.
Tripathi SN, Dey S, Chandel A, Srivastava S, Singh RP, Holben BN (2005) Comparison of MODIS and AERONET derived aerosol optical depth over the Ganga Basin, India Ann Geophys23 1093-1101.
Venkataraman C, Reddy C K, Josson S, Sheka R M (2002) Aerosol size and chemical characteristics at Mumbai, India, during the INDOEX-IFP (1999) AtmosEnviro36 1979–1991.
Venkataraman C, Habib G, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Miguel AH, Friedlander SK(2005) Residential biofuels in South Asia: carbonaceous aerosol emissions and climate impacts Science 307 (5714) 1454–1456.
Villalobos AM, Barraza F, Jorquera H, and Schauer JJ(2013) Chemical speciation and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Santiago, Chile Sci Total Environ 512–513.
Wang et al (2014) The 2013 severe haze over southern Hebei, China: model evaluation, source apportionment, and policy implications Atmos Chem Phys 143 151–3173.
WHO (2006) Health risks of particulate matter from long-range transboundary air pollution. World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Copenhagen Denmark. Available from: http:// www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/78657/ E88189.pdf (accessed 23.3.2015)
World Health Statistics (2014). World Health Organization, Geneva.
Ye B M, Ji X L, Yang H Z, Yao X H, Chan CK, Cadle SH, Chan T, and Mulaw PA (2003) Concentration and Chemical Com Shanghai for a One-Year Period Atmos Environ37 499-510.
Zanobetti A, Schwartz J (2006) Air pollution and emergency admissions in Boston, MA J of Epidemio & Comm Health 60 890–895.
Zhang D Z, J Grigg J, George S, Teoh, O H Chay O M, Pugalenthi A, Goh A, Wong P, Thomas B, (2015) Environmental black carbon exposure in Singapore school children Journal European Respiratory 46 PA3409.
Zhang R, Fu C, Han Z, Zhu C (2008) Characteristics of elemental composition of PM2.5 in the spring period at Tongyu in the semi–arid region of Northeast China Adv in AtmosSci25 922– 931.
Published
2019-09-27
Section
Research Papers
Copyright (c) 2019 Pratima Gupta, Ranjit Kumar, Ashok Jangid
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